trip to laman sayur dan herba

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So ,selepas melihat video kami mengenai khasiat herba-herba untuk tugasan terakhir daripada kumpulan kami, harap semua enjoy dan faham mengenai khasiat yang telah pun kami terangkan :)

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Welcome to Laman Sayur dan Herba :)

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Pelbagai jenis sayuran buah bergantung :)

LAWATAN KE LAMAN SAYUR DAN HERBA

National Plant Germplasm System

Global food availability and security is based on intensive agricultural production. Over the past century, this intensification has relied heavily on producing crops with increasing genetic uniformity. Although these practices have benefits, they also include the risks of increasing the vulnerability of crops to pests, diseases, and environmental stress.

Plant breeding and associated scientific research is essential to meet the ongoing challenges of producing plants for food, fiber, animal feeds, industrial and medicinal purposes, and for landscape and ornamental uses. It is important to collect and conserve living plant material, both to help solve immediate agricultural production problems as well as safeguard plant genetic diversity for future needs. 

This mission is more essential than ever because the loss of genetic diversity is accelerating with threats from many factors including global urbanization, habitat changes associated with climate, and changes in land use related to population growth and economic development.

The mission of the NPGS is to support agricultural production by:

• acquiring crop germplasm
• conserving crop germplasm
• evaluating and characterizing crop germplasm
• documenting crop germplasm
• distributing crop germplasm

                    

GREEN REVOLUTION

What Is the Green Revolution?

The Green Revolution was a period when the productivity of global agriculture increased drastically as a result of new advances. During this time period, new chemical fertilizers and synthetic herbicides and pesticides were created. The chemical fertilizers made it possible to supply crops with extra nutrients and, therefore, increase yield. The newly developed synthetic herbicides and pesticides controlled weeds, deterred or kill insects, and prevented diseases, which also resulted in higher productivity.

In addition to the chemical advances utilized during this time period, high-yield crops were also developed and introduced. High-yield crops are crops that are specifically designed to produce more overall yield. A method known as multiple cropping was also implemented during the Green Revolution and lead to higher productivity. Multiple cropping is when a field is used to grow two or more crops throughout the year, so that the field constantly has something growing on it. These new farming techniques and advances in agricultural technology were utilized by farmers all over the world, and when combined, intensified the results of the Green Revolution.

Benefits of the Green Revolution

As a result of the Green Revolution and the introduction of chemical fertilizers, synthetic herbicides and pesticides, high-yield crops, and the method of multiple cropping, the agricultural industry was able to produce much larger quantities of food. This increase in productivity made it possible to feed the growing human population.

One person who is famous for his involvement in the Green Revolution is the scientist Norman Borlaug. In the 1940s, Norman Borlaug developed a strain of wheat that could resist diseases, was short, which reduced damage by wind, and could produce large seed heads and high yields. He introduced this variety of wheat in Mexico and within twenty years the production of wheat had tripled. This allowed for the production of more food for people in Mexico and also made it possible for Mexico to export their wheat and sell it in other countries. Norman Borlaug helped introduce this high-yield variety of wheat to other countries in need of increased food production, and he eventually won a Nobel Peace Prize for his work with developing high-yield crops and for helping prevent starvation in many developing countries.

In addition to producing larger quantities of food, the Green Revolution was also beneficial because it made it possible to grow more crops on roughly the same amount of land with a similar amount of effort. This reduced production costs and also resulted in cheaper prices for food in the market.

The ability to grow more food on the same amount of land was also beneficial to the environment because it meant that less forest or natural land needed to be converted to farmland to produce more food. This is demonstrated by the fact that from 1961 to 2008, as the human population increased by 100% and the production of food rose by 150%, the amount of forests and natural land converted to farm only increased by 10%. The natural land that is currently not needed for agricultural land is safe for the time being, and can be utilized by animals and plants for their natural habitat.

   

BLUE REVOLUTION

The term "blue revolution" refers to the remarkable emergence of aquaculture as an important and highly productive agricultural activity. Aquaculture refers to all forms of active culturing of aquatic animals and plants, occurring in marine, brackish, or fresh waters.
Aquaculture has long been practiced in China and other places in eastern Asia, where freshwater fish have been grown as food in managed ponds for thousands of years. In recent decades, however, the practice of aquaculture has spread around the world. Many species of freshwater and marine organisms are being cultivated as highly productive and nutritious crops for consumption by humans. The tremendous growth of aquaculture has been stimulated by knowledge that there are intrinsic limitations to the productivity of the wild, unmanaged aquatic ecosystems that humans have traditionally exploited as sources of fish, aquatic invertebrates, and seaweeds. Moreover, in a depressingly large number of cases, the usable productivity of natural aquatic ecosystems has been overexploited or otherwise degraded by humans, and the harvested yields have declined substantially.
In many cases, however, the productivity of valuable aquatic species can be greatly increased under managed conditions, and also by genetic selection for varieties having desirable traits, such as higher productivity. The principal goal of aquaculture science is to develop systems by which aquatic organisms can be grown and harvested at high but sustainable rates, while not causing unacceptable environmental damage.

Seaweeds are also grown in large quantities for use as food and as feedstock for the production of alginates and other industrial products. Most aquaculture production occurs in Asia, although there is also a growing industry in North America.

   

TOPIC 5 :- AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES OF MALAYSIA

Introduction
Historical Development of Agriculture
Characteristic of Malaysian Agriculture
Industrial Crops
Livestock
New sources of Growth
Agricultural Marketing

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Introduction
1957-46% Gross Domestic Product
2010-7.52% Gross Domestic Product

Ctical Thinking . Why the rate of Gross Domestic Product become lower ?? How it happen ?
Answer:  During 1957 , 80.3% employment working in Agri Sector, but in 2010, only 7.52
                                        employment involve in agri sector

History Development of Malaysian Agriculture
Pre-independence (The plantations was bring my british)

• Rubber plantations 
• Tea , cocoa , coffee

Malaysia :- Rice , fruits and other crops

University Putra Malaysia is the first University develop agriculture of Malaysia

(http://www.upm.edu.my/about_us/TheStoryBehindUPM?LANG=en)

Post-independence 

Felcra and Felda

1.Huge land to be culticated with plantation crops 

2.Smallholders : switch subsistence crops > cash crops

New Economic Policy (1970-1984)

Goal-Adress income disparity between races

How? 

1. Intensifying and expanding FELDA & FELCRA program
2. Setup of own rice mills by Lembaga Padi&Beras Negara
3. Rubber Smallholding organized by Risda

Example

Fact- Malaysia was top producers for NATURAL RUBBER and PALM OIL

National Agricultural Policy

Objective

1st-Linkage of agricultural production with agro-based industries(1984-1991)

2nd-Labour and capital , increase efficiency (1992-2010)

3rd-Introduced product - Food security , Revised NAP 2 (1998-2010)

Last-Objectice 60% oilm palm, 20% rubber.NAP2&NAP3 (2004)

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Characteristic of Malaysia Agriculture

1.Estate

• High commercialized
• Efficiently
• Land larged than 40.5 ha
• Owned by public
• Palm oil,rubber and cocoa

         

2.Small holder

• Less commercialized
• Farm size 1.45 ha
• Rice,fruits and vegetables

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Industrial Crops

1.Oil palm

• Largest planted crop in Malaysia
• Biggest foreign exchange earner
• 39% for palm oil production & 44% for exports
• Origin; Sierra Leone ,Africa
• Planted in Malaysia (1971)
• 25-30 month
• Life span (20 years)

2.Rubber 

• First major plantation crop
• Brazil (1877)
• 80 years for dominate
• why Malaysia switched oil palm - decline price,cost,decline labour
• Planted by smallholder (97%)

3.Coconut

• 4th largest crop
• Factor of decline - low income ,small farm,labour 

Valued added - rejuvenate coconut industry, good for skin,demand from local

4.Cocoa

• Most planting areas in sabah
• Processing in Malaysia 
• Characteristic : high melting point 



cocoa

• 5th largest plant cocoa process in the world

5.Rice 

• high subsidized
• 3rd largest planted crop in country
• kuala muda,barat laut,seberang
• contributed 70% national rice production

6.Fruits

• smallholder 
• watermalon,papaya ,star fruit and banana



sugar cane perlis

• factors increase - high demand and value added

Other Industrial Crops

Coffee : Smallholder in Johon and Selangor. [Type'Liberica,Robusta and Arabica]

Sugarcane: Perlis and Kedah , Need district dry season , Import from Australia

Tea : Cameron highland,Perak,Selangor [Type 'Assam]  

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Livestock

Non-ruminant :poulty and swine

• high commercialized
• high technology
• production for country, [67% poultry] [25% swine]

Ruminant: cow,dairy and goat

• smallholder and low techonology
• contribute 8% for country livestock
• self sufficiency level not achieved
• always import from others country [cow]

Fisheries & Aquaculture 

• aquaculture[farming of aquatic organisms including fishing
• important supplier of animal protein
• important commodity [prawn & seaweed]
• steady growth since 2000

Q&A : which one is better ?? Fisheries or Aquaculture

Answer ; Of course Aquaculture - save livestock of earth

________________________________________________________________

New Sources of Growth

Herbs&Spices,Pharmaceuticals,Natural producst

• Rapid growth at 10-15% per annum
• Targeted as growth sector after ICT
• Market value in 2010: Rm7 billion
• Expected value in 2020 :Rm29 billion
• Reason high value : Awareness on health care
• Currently,planted by small holders
• Government target large scale herbal plantation

East cost Economic Regional herbal Plantation Project

• Plantation area 406 ha - Dungun Terengganu
• Plantation area 327 ha-Lipis Pahang 
• Eg 1[Dukung anak] treat kidney,malaria,athma
• Eg 2[Mas Cotek] reduce cholestorol,bloog sugar level
• Eg 3[Tongkat Ali]Antimalarial,antimicrobial
• Eg 4[Hempedu Bumi]Treatment for gastro
• Eg 5[Kacip Fatimah]For childbirth,Rheumatism

Hempedu Bumi

Mas Cotek

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Agricultural Marketing

Export Crop Sector
Palm oil

• Independent small holders:Low productivity and sell through middleman
• Producers in land development scheme:Production and marketting follow the parents
• Private estates:Very organized , processed own produces

Food sector

• small farms and minimal involvement by government or corporate sectors
• Marketting usually through middleman /wholesellers
• Except rice : Have Government intervention

Agri-food New Supply Chain 

• Transformation due to external and domestic drivers 
• External: rapid development or large retail chains
• IN 2005 : 81 hypermarket in Malaysia , 83% are foreign-owned
• Domestic : Charge in consumer income , consumption and lifestyle

       Different between Conventiol Agri-Food Marketting and New food supply Chanin

Federal Agricultural Marketting Authority  (FAMA)

• Responsibility :Supervision , coordination , regulation of improvement of the marketting of agricultural products for domestic , export and import market 
• Marketting Strategies
• Farmer,s Market
• Bussiness on wheels